Multiple column grids provides the designer with a lot of flexibility. There are more corners and more variations in distance when using a grid with multiple columns. Modular grid helps line things up. Create asymmetry. Gives a lot of room to be less rigid. Use different column widths, narrow and wide columns.
2. How many characters is optimal for a line length? words per line?
45-75 characters per line which provides a wide range. 66 is considered the median. Change type size to get optimal characters per line.
3. Why is the baseline grid used in design?
Baseline grids are used to align type. The baseline grid makes the designers job easier and when things are lined up it is easy to achieve continuity.
4. What is a typographic river?
Rivers are visually unattractive gaps appearing to run down a paragraph of text. They can occur with any spacing, though they are most noticeable with wide inter-word spaces caused by either full text justification ormonospaced fonts.
5. From the readings what does clothesline or flow line mean?
A flow line is the horizontal line that appears on a layout within the text; so your eye goes through the page.
6. How can you incorporate white space into your designs?
You can do this by by not filling the entire page with text or images and utilizing the white space. You can also adjust margins and gutters. Keep white spaces to the outside.
7. What is type color/texture mean?
The density of text. This is the non-white space in the design. The choice of typeface, type size, leading, word spacing and line measure affect the texture and tonal value of the text. They create varying degrees of heaviness and lightness in a text block, also known as color. Contrast between strokes also affects the richness of the texture.
8. What is x-height, how does it effect type color?
The height of a lowercase x of a given typeface. The larger the x-height, the darker the color the letter seems.
9. In justification or H&J terms what do the numbers: minimum, optimum, maximum mean?
The specific amount of space between words, the minimum being at the least possible, the optimum just right and the maximum being more than what is needed.
10. What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph. Are there any rules?
Create a first line indent, a hanging indent, tracking, running indent and create a rule under the first word.
11. What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text?
Hyphenation doesn’t improve text legibility, so other things being equal, you should turn it off. Generally, hyphenation is necessary for justified text but not for left-aligned text, because left-aligned text will have an irregular rag no matter what.
Hyphenation is also less necessary for wider text blocks, because awkward line breaks are less likely. (Newspapers have to take hyphenation seriously because most newspaper text is set in narrow columns and justified.) Hyphenation doesn’t improve text legibility, so other things being equal, you should turn it off. Generally, hyphenation is necessary for justified text but not for left-aligned text, because left-aligned text will have an irregular rag no matter what. Hyphenation is also less necessary for wider text blocks, because awkward line breaks are less likely.
12. What is a literature?
The entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people.
13. What does CMYK and RGB mean?
C- Cyan, M- Magenta, Y- Yellow, K- Black. R- Red, G- Green, B- Blue.
14. What does hanging punctuation mean? It is a way of typesetting punctuation marks and bullet points, most commonly quotation marks and hyphens, so that they do not disrupt the ‘flow’ of a body of text or ‘break’ the margin of alignment. It is so called because the punctuation appears to ‘hang’ in the margin of the text, and is not incorporated into the block or column of text. It is commonly used when text is fully justified.
15. What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe? What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?
"Foot marks and inch marks are generic symbols that look like this ' (inch) " (foot). An apostrophe and quote mark have a small circle and curve that make it present the quote or word, such as “” ‘’. The default for a foot mark and inch mark is that on the computer keyboard. To make the apostrophes and smart quotes you hit option+[ (left bracket is quote, right bracket is apostrophe). To make them go the other direction add shift."
16. What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used?
"Hyphens are used strictly for hyphenating words or line breaks. En dashes are for amounts of time such as hourly, days or years. Em dashes are abrupt changes in thought or where a period is too strong and a comma too weak."
17. What are ligatures, why are they used, when are they not used, what are common ligatures?
"Ligatures prevent the collision or interference of characters, particularly the extended finial of the ‘f’. and the dot of the ‘i’" The 5 basic ligatures that are normally included in typefaces are: ff, fi, fl, ffi, and ffl. Some typefaces have been designed to minimize those problems and don't require the use of ligatures at all.
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